The 5 Types of Wealth
Sahil Bloom
Intro
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Arrival fallacy - that once you get goal x you will finally be happy
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imagine ideal day at 80.
- what are you doing, who are you with, how do you feel
- now reverse engineer what you need to do now
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usually, time, people, purpose, health, money as an enabler but not the goal in and of itself
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types of wealth
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time wealth,
- you have control over how you spend your time. What you do and when
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social wealth
- network for love, help, connection. Deep meaningful relationships and social ties
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mental wealth
- purpose and meaning, growth and ability learning over time
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physical wealth
- health, fitness, and vitality
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financial wealth - assets vs liability, with expectations and knowledge of enough
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Life Razor
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ideally has
- controllable, ripple creating, identity defining
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ex: I will coach my son's sports teams
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decision: ask how will of affect me from the lense of the life Razor Your true north
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direction is more important than speed
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goals and anti goals
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goal, mountain to summit in each section
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anti goals, what you absolutely don't want to sacrifice for your goal
- flip problem on its head. What's the worst possible outcome
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leverage and systems (your engine)
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dimmer switches on these goals not binary on off
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high level systems for maintenance of other systems while focusing on 1 or 2 main goals
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tactical monthly corrections
- what really matters in my life, are goals aligned with this
- are current high leverage systems aligned with my goals, and are they high quality
- is my environment conducive to my anti goals
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Quarterly reflection
- what is creating energy right now
- what is draining energy right now
- who are the boat anchors in my life (people who make my life harder)
- what am I avoiding because of fear
How many more moments do you have with your loved ones
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graphs of time
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lessons
- family time is finite, cherish it
- children time is precious, be present
- friend time is limited, prioritize the right ones
- partner time, find the right one
- CO worker time, ideally get energy
- alone time is abundant, love yourself
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there will be a last time to do x, probably sooner than you think
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let that idea motivate you to be present and enjoy things and prioritize things that really matter
A brief history of time
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running faster and faster just to stay in place
- feelings like you're always behind and trying to run to keep up
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attention residue
- the idea that some of your brain is still on task A even though you've moved on to takes B
- micro and macro both effect. (Email notifications or next major task)
The 3 pillars of time wealth
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awareness
- fleeting time remaining
- understanding and appreciation of fleeting time
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attention
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focus on things that truly matter
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scattered attention bad, focused attention good / more exponential in nature.
- magnifying glass focus vs scattered light
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most important high leverage activities, projects, etc.
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control
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allocate time according to priorities and values
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to much or too little free time is bad
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focused energy / attention means you can create time by doing things more efficiently.
- extra time is yours to do whatever with
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knowledge about each in order
Time wealth guide
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time wealth hard reset: awareness
- amount of time left with people you have most
- name of friend or family, approximate number of times per year you see. Subtract older persons age from 80. Multiply number time per year
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how to establish your baseline: energy calendar: awareness and attention
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for a week, color code each event you did. Energy creating, energy neutral, energy draining.
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zoom out, common activities of each type
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focus on green / do more of them
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natural activities should be delegated or maintained or out sourced
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draining should be deleted, outsourced / delegated or modified
- possible to shift to neutral?
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slowly iterate and improve on the green to red ratio
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how to establish priorities: two list exercise: awareness and attention
- top 25, then top 5. Then avoid the other 20 like the plague
- top professional and personal priorities lists. Top 3 - 5, greatest long term impact.
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how to manage priorities: Eisenhower matrix: awareness and attention
- Urgent: prompt attention.
- Important: move the needle long term
- 2 by 2 grid. Urgent and not urgent. Important and not important.
- important and urgent - do now
- important and not urgent - spend more time on these. Plan. It compounds
- not important and not urgent - delete tasks
- not important and urgent - be ware tasks. Build systems to delegate these tasks.
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how to simplify your todo system: index card: attention
- each night make index card for next day with 3 - 5 todos. Ideally move the needle long term
- in the morning start at the top and move down
- if you finish the 3 - 5 that is the win
- be conservative. We tend to over estimate.
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how to eliminate time waste: Parkinson's law: attention
- time grows to fill the allotted slot
- we are more focused and more attentive to things when time constrained.
- make some artificial time constraints for more efficiency
- 1 - 3 hour focus blocks for things.
- batch dreaded minor life tasks into little finite blocks
- work like a lion, spring rest repeat
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how to stop procrastinating: anti procrastination system: attention
- deconstruction - often a by product of intimidation. Break up the tasks into tiny bits
- plan and stake creation - plan for task with time bound, less ambitious,
- action - plan a sync session with friend, reward initial movement, commit to a 30 minute initial session followed by a lavished rest
- daily action
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how to concentrate attention, flow state boot up, attention
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focused and undistracted work. Deep work
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2 - 4 hours worked towards progressively
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boot up, actions and environmental queues to prompt flow state.
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build around 5 core sense
- touch, taste, sight, hear, smell
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ex
- walk or cold plunge
- coffee
- writing desk faces window with plants and art
- Spotify essential
- cedar wood candles
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should be actionable and repeatable
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maybe my sequence?
- playing with rings? Take them all off and on a few times? Crack knuckles? Do some specific movement?
- gum?
- maybe a painting or image or something? Like I could have on my phone but also somewhere else?
- Spotify song or painting plus YT video?
- smell also gum? Can I smell the gum myself? Not sure
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how to create time leverage: effective delegation: attention and control
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appropriate task profiling, delegate according to reversibility and risk
- delegate with low over site, low risk, high reversibility
- delegate with high over site, high risk, not reversible
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clear expectations for each tasks completion, timelines, risk profile, deliverables, feedback loops, use
- ask them to repeat back the expectations in their own words to confirm understanding
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infinite feedback loops
- constant iterative feedback loops
- check in of x frequency to iterate
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how to streamline commitments, the art of no, control
- yes damn affect. We tend to over estimate future time. This we say yes now and damn when the thing arrives
- tips
- for personally commitments, user the right now test. Like would I do this right now (today or tomorrow)
- professional commitments, 2 lists from earlier. Is it a priority or not. Is it a hell yeah opportunity. Assume the opportunity is twice as long and half as fulfilling would you still do it.
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time blocking and types of professional control. Control
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he uses time blocking for professional time but doesn't for personal time.
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management
- meetings, call, people management
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creation
- writing, coding, building, etc
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consumption
- new ideas, reading, listening, studying
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ideation
- cultivate new ideas, brain storming, reflecting, journaling
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balance required. Look at mix colors in calendar when doing each thing
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tips
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batch management time
- 1 - 3 blocks to deal with meetings and emails and such
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increase creation time
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create space for consumption and ideation
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energy creating time: control
- look at energy creating activities and people
Social wealth
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who will be in the front row of your funeral
- what's the point of the big house if its not filled with love
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uniquely social species
- who could you call in the middle of the night if you were sick or scared
- best predictor of health at 80 is social relationships at 50
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the optimization trap
- moving for financial stuff, regretting the lack of friends and family's lost
- don't undervalue people. Issues with tax optimization and digital nomading and such
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the days are long but the years are short, parents, kids and lost time
- the magic years 0 - 10 for kids
- you still have to roll model hard work on work for your kid, balance
- recognize trade offs, and maybe don't take those years that a kid is developing young for career development
- give your kids context on what you're doing for work and why and what it means
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the 3 pillars of social wealth
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depth
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fewer deeper bonds
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front row people for your wedding or funeral
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people you can call at 3 am when something going wrong
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built on
- honesty - sharing your truth and listening to theirs
- support - sitting in the darkness during their struggles
- shared experience - going through positive and negative experience together
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can grow in existing relationships or build somewhere else new
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needs consistency over a long period of time
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Breadth
- a number of looser bonds to be connected to something beyond yourself and community
- requires you to try new things and talk to others
- Give freely with no expectation of anything in return
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earned status
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earned status symbols for respect
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you cannot buy real status.
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you don't respect or admire people who have nice things. You like to imagine that other people will respect you, if you have them
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to get around this, look at people you truly admire and what characteristics they have that create that
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a fit body, a calm mind and a house full of love. These things cannot be bought, they must be earned.
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earned status examples
- freedom of how to use your time
- healthy loving family energy from years of work
- the mastery in a domain from years of effort
- wisdom from loved experienced
- the adaptive mind that comes from therapy, mindfulness and introspection
- physique from years of clean eating and exercise
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needs will vary based on extroversion level
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the social wealth guide
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anti goals
- pursuit of financial goals to hurt my relationships
- loosing connection to community
- Chasing status symbols to climb the social ladder
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social wealth hacks I wish I knew at 22
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happiness is not a destination but a direction
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people are made for love, you can find something lovable in anyone
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people who disagree can still have a loving relationship
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love people not things
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bad trade to be special rather than happy
- working more instead of being with their kids
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approach issues with your partner not as a me but a we
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happiness requires generosity in love and to be open to being loved
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talk to people unlike you
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treat fighting like exercise (painful, but growthful)
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focus and have intention with relationships. Like money or career style
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love time horizon should be long
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say exactly what you mean,
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don't treat family as a 1 way atm
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make friendship a means until itself not a means to an end
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misery is contagious, don't spread
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put on your own oxygen mask first
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don't focus on looks and status in others, seek out kindness and faithfulness, or evidence there of
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when you think something nice about someone, let them know
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tell your partner something you appreciate about them every single day
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if you're trying to make convo with people who intimidate you, ask what they're currently working on, listen intently, ask follow up questions.
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when someone is going through hell, saying I'm with you is powerful. Be the darkest hour friend
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video interview with parents, ask them questions about their hopes dreams and fears as well as childhoods
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if your torn on a gift, send a book you love
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never keep score in life
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if you're about to take an emotion induced action, wait 24 hrs
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stop trying to be interesting and be interested. Open up to the world and learn
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in your 20's and 30's create a few wild stories worth telling
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relationship map, breadth and depth
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3 steps,
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list core relationships
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assess core relationships
- is it supportive (care, love, understanding, respect and support), ambivalent (inconsistent) or demeaning(undermines someone else's self worth)?
- is the interaction frequent or infrequent
- actually the ambivalence is the worst
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graph things. With frequency on the y and x as level of support
- focus supportive relationships, invest more in the infrequent ones
- ambivalent and frequent should be changed. Reduce frequency or change interaction
- demeaning and frequent should be managed or removed
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how to navigate romantic relationships
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most important person in terms of time over life
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falling is easy, growing is hard
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2 rules
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understand love languages
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avoid the traps
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critisms - personal attacks
- I instead of you. Focus on what you need
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defensiveness - be accountable instead
- take accountability
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contempt - disrespect and attacking character or core
- build culture of appreciation
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stone walking - shutting down and avoiding engagement on the issues
- philological self soothing. Take a break and soothe
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500 years of wisdom
- never keep score
- maintain interests and passions outside of your partner
- it can't always be 50%
- never stop dating
- no one has ever argued their way to happiness. Be in it together
- take care of yourself -> list of daily needs for each of you. Do them
- never involve non professional third parties
- Spouse over birth family
- complementarity, allow each other to lead on different areas
- your love is yours, don't let others judging hurt you
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the life dinner, monthly ritual, depth
- fixed monthly date, to reflect on relationships, personal and professional challenges and goals
- recurring date, sacred monthly ritual
- personal, professional, relational
- reflect on prior months progress, challenges and future goals.
- each chance to speak freely, before paired discussion
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how to improve relationship communication, helped, heard or hug
- do you want to be helped, heard or hugged
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how to make conversation, breadth
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create door knobs
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ask questions that invite others to start telling a story
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stop version - where did you get married
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knob version - how did you decide on a wedding venue
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examples
- what are you most excited about right now. Personally or professionally
- what was your favorite or least favorite thing about your home town
- what's the origin of your name? Why did you parents give that to you
- what is the most interesting thing you've read or learned recently
- best movie or show recently and what made it compelling
- what's been making you smile recently
- how would you spend an entire day to yourself
- what do you remember as some of the most formative moments of your life what made them so formative
- what have you changed your mind about recently
- dinner with 3 - 5 people from history, who and why
- something you've purchased for little money that's made a big life difference
- how do you unwind
- kindest thing someone's done for you
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be a loud listener
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act to let speaker know they're being heard
- nodding, saying yes, mhm
- facial expressions, react to story
- forward lean boys language. Don't turn away
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repeat and follow
- repeat key points back, then follow up with additional, insight, story or door knob question
- shows engaged listening
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make situational eye contact
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how to build new relationships, breadth
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give with no intention of receiving in return
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core 4 anti networking goals
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put yourself in rooms of lots of people with similar values and interests
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ask engaging questions
- what's your connection to (current place or event)
- What's excited about right now
- what's favorite recent book
- focus on being interested rather than interesting
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be a level 2 and 3 listener
- waiting to speak is bad
- listen to learn
- Us listening, build a map of them as a person
- make mental notes
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use creative follow ups
- exit gracefully. It was so great meeting you I look forward to seeing you again soon
- log mental notes and follow up soon.
- send follow up content / gift. Relevant book plus hand written note or podcast or article or something
- offer to connect them with other friend
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how to build a personal board of advisors, breadth
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form a brain trust instead of a single mentor
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5 - 10 individuals
- unbiased,
- diverse,
- willing to provided candid advice
- what to see you win
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talk to people in your professional and personal life for advice
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always know they are appreciated. Notes and such
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how to build authority, public speaking guide. Earned status
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pre event preparation. Tell a story, create a structure, make it explicit to audience
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build Lego blocks, don't memorize, but practice key moments. Opening, transitions and punch lines.
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Practice segments not sequentially
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practice while walking or jogging. To simulate heart rate increase
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study the best
- identify 3 - 5 that you admire.
- slow down speed and pay attention / take notes
- take note of. Structure, volume dynamism, pacing words. Pauses and accelerations. Note movements and gestures. Note audience engagement.
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pre stage preparation
- address spotlight. People over estimate how much they pay attention to you
- confront worst fears. You could stumble but the worst case isn't as bad as you think
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create a character. In your mind who can nail the speech. Then become them.
- think about them as a mentality, characteristics etc
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sigh to get rid of stress
- long inhale, short inhale, long exhale.
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cute the tension
- unexpected and funny to cut the tensions
- early
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play the lava game
- think of pockets and torso as lava
- big bold body opening gestures early
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move purposely
- move dramatically. Pause with body
- move with intention
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how to play the right games, the status test. Earned status
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assessment tools for status
- would I buy this thing if I could not show anyone or tell anyone about it
- could the richest person in the world acquire the thing I want by tomorrow
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Mental Wealth
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what would you your 10 year old self tell yourself today
- curiosity
- the real fountain of youth
- would they have express excitement or not at how you spend your time and do things and have fun
- wonder for the universe
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a tale as old as time
- a fight against normalcy (defaulting to TV)
- finding that gives you meaning and purpose and pursing it
- To grow, change, learn and developed
- To find peace, calm and solitude
- whatever those mean to you
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the 3 pillars of mental wealth
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purpose: your unique visions and focus, creates meaning and aligns short and long term
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growth: progress and change
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Space: stillness and solitude to rest and think
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purpose
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praise for effort not intelligence
- intelligence causes people to go after easier wins / challenges
- effort causes people to work harder and go after challenges
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we need believe that we can grow and change
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space
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space to slow down and breath
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can take many forms
- meditation practice
- free form journaling
- Stretching between meetings
- walk in the morning
- Prayer
- sauna
- runs
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mental wealth guide
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mental health hacks I wish I knew at 22
- purpose doesn't have to be related to work or grand or ambitious
- put self in the right lighting, solve problems, make art, think deeply
- best talker != Best ideas
- 1 creative project at a time, and do deeply
- don't amass power but use well what you have
- reflect on past don't dwell
- neuro plasticity, your actions shape you, power
- get better at anything, 30 minutes each day for 30 days
- solitude matters
- substance and critical thinking over presenting
- teach what your trying to learn (exposes gaps in your knowledge)
- take yourself out for a meal alone once a month, with a note pad and no phone and vibe
- pain into beauty is a good artistic expression
- stop trying to remember things, write down everything
- gratuity practice
- don't consume the news, unless you're confident it will matter a month from now
- turn pain into creative process
- re read the books that changed you and it will continue to change you
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how to find your purpose, ikigai
- what you love, what you are good at and what your world needs. The overlapping
- your world, could be family or community or the world at large. Depends on season
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pursuit map
- follow your energy (not interest or passion)
- x axis challengingness, Y axis energy givingness
- think day to day work not grand ideas
- experiment
- typically avoid the energy draining things
- things might become more energy creating as you get better. Litmus test, is this energy creating when at its best
- time distribution, moving towards ideal
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how to learn anything, fienman technique
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complexity and jargon mask lack of understanding
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4 steps
- set stage: write down topic you want to learn about. Write everything you know
- teach: attempt to teach the topic to someone who knows nothing. Must distill and simplify. Use simple language
- assess and study: how well did you do. What questions did they ask. Where did you not know the answer
- organize, convey and review: attach to a compelling narrative
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how to retain everything, spaced repetition
- increasing intervals to put things into long term memory
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how to think differently, Socratic method
- open ended questions, propose ideas based on questions, probe ideas with further questions
- start asking question. What problem is the right problem.
- propose current thinking, where does it come from, what assumptions baked in, be ruthless
- understand consequences of being wrong
- evaluate why alternatives might be better, ask same question here
- zoom out, evaluate where / if your process needs modification
- don't use on low cost easily reversible decisions
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unlocking new growth, the think day
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1 day, seclude self, no devices. Entire day, reading, learning and thinking / journaling
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zoom out and think creatively about bigger picture
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journal, thinking prompts, articles / books you've wanted to get to
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thinking prompts
- if I repeated my typical day for 100 days, would life even better or worse
- of people observed my week, what would they say my priorities are
- if I were the main character in the movie of my life what would the audience be screaming at me to do right now
- am I hunting big important problems or small urgent ones. Antelope vs field mice
- how can I do less but better
- what are my strongest beliefs, what would it take to change my mind on them
- what are things I know now that I wish I knew 5 years ago
- what actions did I engage in 5 years ago that I cringe at
- what actions am I engaged in that I might cringe at in 5 years
- 8 hr window with 60 minute blocks and walks in between
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how to create new space, the power walk
- taking a walk
- science shows walking helps with thinking
- daily walk is good
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how to build clear boundaries, power down ritual
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ritual to end professional day
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ex
- check email, tasks for tomorrow, 15 minutes prep for tomorrow. Power off all work stuff
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benefits
- clear boundaries, more engagement with both sides
- feel better I'm evening
- easier to start tomorrow
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key elements
- complete final tasks
- prep for tomorrow
- initiate power down, mental trigger
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how to improve mental health, 111 journaling method - 5 min is good enough for benefits - 3 simple points. - 1 point of gratitude, win, tension - simple and low friction
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Physical wealth
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will you be dancing at 80th birthday party
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the story of our lesser world
- most of the industry is BS
- sleep, movement daily, whole unprocessed foods ideally as a foundation for the whole 80/20 thing
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3 pillars of physical wealth
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daily movement,
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cardio
- arobic - slow and steady
- anaerobic - high intensity
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strength
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stability and flexibility
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levels
- 1: move for 30 min a day
- 2: 1 plus, 1 or 2 cardio and weight sessions a week
- 3: 2 doubles plus flexibility and mobility
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nutrition
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whole unprocessed foods
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overall caloric intake
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macro nutrients
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proteins, carbs, fats,
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prioritize protein
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focus on cleanliness of source
- minimum number of ingredients
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micronutrients (vitamins)
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hydration
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levels
- 1: 80% of the time, whole foods
- 2: 90%, 0.8 protein, water
- 3: 95%, 0.8 protein, supplements, water
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recovery
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high quality sleep
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ideal
- 7 - 8 hours
- consistent sleep and wake times
- dark
- Cool
- quiet
- routine to wind down
- morning sunlight
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levels
- 1: 7 - 8
- 2: 1 plus optimized environment
- 3: 2 plus, sunlight changes and such
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execute consistently at level 1 in each area and then move up towards 3
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physical wealth guide
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30 day challenge
- jump start daily practice
- choose level, track on spreadsheet
- accountability partner
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science backed morning routine, winning the day
- fixed wake up time on week day and weekend. Place phone further away from bed
- hydrate, morning hydration
- move, when you get up in the morning. Can be easy, just get things moving
- get outside, light and air and nature are good. Leave phone at home
- start day with 2 hrs of work on most important task. Decide night before
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the movement plan
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common sense diet
- eat well most 80 to 90 of the time, eat whole unprocessed foods
- stop before you're stuffed
- make sure to get enough protein. 0.8 per pound
- avoid foods that make you feel poor
- lots of water
- veggies and fruits at every meal
- find a frequency that works for you
- don't take diet so seriously that you miss out on experiences
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a pro sleeper
- regular schedule, even on weekend
- morning sunlight
- control sleep environment, cool and dark
- avoid food right before bed
- avoid liquids before bed
- avoid caffeine before bed, 8 hrs
- avoid alcohol
- bed time routine
- avoid screens before bed
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how to promote calm, breathing protocols
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stress types
- low stress for recovery,
- mild stress for thought and setup
- high stress for creates shut down
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breathing methods
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478 method
- in through nose for 4, hold for 7 out for 8
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lions breath
- sit on floor, with little lean and hands on floor, inhale through nose, stick tongue out and down to chin, exhale forcefully with ha sound
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physiological sigh
- inhale through nose fully, then quickly beyond just a bit. Then exhale through mouth until natural end. Repeat 2 - 3 times
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Financial wealth
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the big question, what is your definition of enough
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3 pillars of financial wealth
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income generation and expense management
- gap between them
- build skill, leverage skills,
- manage expenses to live well within means. Create and stick to budget, auto savings, rainy day fund, expectation managements (don't let them grow too much)
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long term investment
- don't interrupt compounding unnecessarily
- compound interest
- time is the most important part of the equation
- stocks or low cost diversified funds, buy and hold diversified fun and don't worry about it
- start early
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5 levels
- baseline met
- baseline + modest pleasures accessible
- baseline not top of mind + compounding, significant pleasures available
- most reasonable pleasure available, assets start to create income that cover some lifestyle expenses. Moderate financial independence
- all pleasures available, passive income over lifestyle expenses.
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financial wealth doesn't solve your problems, just changes what problems focus on
- start to question your purposes and who you are and such
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by product of your expectations, $ for each level are unique to you
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financial wealth guide
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how to define your enough life
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prompts
- where do you live
- what characteristics of living space
- whom do you live with or near
- what's a average Tuesday like
- what do you have that brings joy
- flexibility to spend money on?
- how much cushion
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financial wealth hacks
- frugality is spend on what you love and cutting on what you don't
- don't obsess about little money focus on big money. Investment returns, asset fees, mortgage rates, not coffee prices
- emergency funds
- Goal to save x / of income and invest x / of income
- treat credit card as debit card
- Always plan ahead
- buy high end and keep for a long time
- treat everything like a test. Pick a thing, then track usage and write a reminder to check back in a few months to review options and switch
- frugal with self and generous with others
- if it's too good to be true, it probably is
- index funds 90% of portfolio
- jargon from sellers is a no go sign
- stay invested, don't panic sell
- set money rules for self
- Negotiate bills down with a phone call - call them, say Im.a great customer and I would hate to leave for a simple money issue, what can you do for me to lower my rates?
- 30 days to think about any impulse buys
- conscious spender, not cheap spender. Thing of the value of something. Lowest price on most things but high cost on things you really care about
- fight for simplicity in your finances
- the way you feel about money has nothing to do with how much money you have.
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7 pieces of career advice from starting out
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specificity trap with most advice
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best advice is general principles
- create value, receive value
- swallow the frog - eat it first thing in the morning - do it for your boss
- do the old fashion things well. Eye contact, do what you say you will, good posture, kind, be on time, confident handshake
- work hard first, then smart later. Earn your leverage
- build story telling skills. Data in, story out
- reputation for figuring it out.
- dive through every cracked open door
- focus attention and energy on what's in your control
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6 marketable meta skills to build for high income future
- skills used for your engine
- best are those usable broadly across most places
- sales
- story telling - narrative with data
- design
- writing - writing to think and concise writing
- software engineering
- data science - analyse and leverage data
- these are versatile
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7 basic principles of expense management
- create a budget (have a plan), track performance and have cushion
- automate savings
- treat credit cards like cash - pay off in full every month
- rainy day fund - 6 months of expenses, don't touch unless absolutely necessary
- budget for fun and experiences
- plan ahead - large purchases, weddings, cars, vacations
- manage expectations as a liability - don't let them inflate materially, especially early in life as time is important
- expenses will grow due to inflation, want to make sure your income is growing faster
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8 best investment assets for long term
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stocks - ownership in underlying business.
- pros - easy to trade, high long term compounding
- cons - high volatility
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bonds - load from investment to borrower, with payments made on a time schedule
- vary in risk based on underlying borrower
- low overall volatility
- lower returns
- safety with gov bonds
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investment properties
- potential for hight average returns given leverage profile
- low liquidity
- High effort
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real estate investment trusts
- manage properties, and pay out to people
- high returns
- high volitity like a stocks
- Drawn done during certain times
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farm land
- inflation resistance, low principle risk
- low liquidity
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small businesses and startups
- high income potential
- high time / effort investment
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royalty's - copyright use and payed
- no correlation to traditional assets
- steady income with mid to high returns
- cons high fees, sudden shifts in income due to tastes
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your own products
- time intensive, no guarantee, high likely hood of failure
- outsized return potential
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the return on risk to hassle spectrum
- risk adjustment should be relevant but also the hassle as well
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never think twice about investments in yourself
- books, personal investment, sleep, exercise,
- bias is to ignore other types of wealth besides financial
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